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Shift registers are a type of data storage register in which each bit is stored in a single-stage shift register. In this chapter, we will explore the theory behind how they work and what applications they have for microcontrollers. There are many different designs of shift registers, but they all have four basic components: one or more data inputs, the number of bits that will be shifted, an enable input and an output to which the bit(s) stored in one stage can be transferred to update its position further down the line. Because this is a digital circuit, the output of the shift register will always be either zero or one. A UART can be thought of as a serial to parallel converter. It allows the transmission and reception of serial data over a parallel data bus. The circuit consists of an 8-bit shifter connected to an 8-bit latch, both connected to the output port of the microcontroller. The input is connected to the serial port of your computer via a null modem cable. By sending different combinations of 1's and 0's at different times through this cable you are able to transmit information serially into your microcontroller which then converts it into parallel format for use by any other hardware attached to it. The following diagram shows the circuit prior to it being powered on, followed by a short description of each component and how it is used. The following diagram is the circuit prior to it being powered on, followed by a short description of each component and how it is used. This circuit will allow you to control the peak amplitude of an audio signal by looking at its value where half way through the digital conversion process. The Amplitude comparator module allows you to display the amplitude of an analog signal in two different ways. The first uses a weighted average where 1/5th of the maximum value will correspond to 5 volts, while 1/4th will equal 4 volts etc. The second method will show the peak value of the signal at any given time, but may not be as accurate. The following video describes how to make an acceptable circuit using very cheap parts. The quality provided in this video should not be considered good enough for any commercial use, but should only be used as a guide to understand the basic principles of how to construct this circuit. A microcontroller can detect IR radiation just like our eyes do. This sensitivity can be used to identify sources of IR, such as remote controls for televisions, DVD players and digital cameras. The following circuit will be able to identify the signal coming from the IR LED that is usually next to the power button on most televisions. The circuit will use this information to switch on a relay, which will turn on our television. Most microcontrollers come with an internal oscillator that controls the speed at which they operate. This speed is measured in kilohertz (thousands times hertz). A microcontroller operating at 16 MHz should be able to manipulate 1.6 million pieces of data every second, while one running at 4 MHz can only do 400 000 pieces of data per second. cfa1e77820
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